Having witnessed the dramatic rise and fall in the value of cryptocurrencies over the past year, we wanted to learn more about what motivates people to participate in this market. To find out, we included a special set of questions in the May 2018 Survey of Consumer Expectations, a project of the New York Fed’s Center for Microeconomic Data. This blog post summarizes the results of that survey, shedding light on U.S. consumers’ depth of participation in cryptocurrencies and their motives for entering this new market.
Cryptocurrency Ownership and Demographics
The survey covers a sample of 1,146 people from ages eighteen to ninety-six, with broad representation by race and gender. Eighty-five percent of respondents had heard of cryptocurrencies—perhaps a testament to Bitcoin’s name recognition. Around 5 percent of respondents reported that they currently or previously owned cryptocurrency and an additional 15 percent reported that they were considering buying cryptocurrency.
Actual and potential ownership of cryptocurrencies is concentrated in younger, wealthier demographics. Anecdotal evidence suggests that enthusiasm for cryptocurrency is highest among younger generations. Consistent with that pattern, we find that individuals aged eighteen to thirty-five (the “young” group) were 13 percent more likely than those over thirty-five (the “old” group) to own or express an interest in buying a cryptocurrency. (All results reported in this post are statistically significant at the 5 percent level.) Individuals belonging to the young group were more likely, on average, to report greater knowledge about cryptocurrencies, as shown in the chart below.
In contrast, individuals belonging to the old group appear less familiar with cryptocurrencies. For example, they were much more likely to cite “not knowing how to buy” cryptocurrencies as a reason for not owning any. This suggests that a lack of knowledge or familiarity with the cryptocurrency market could be an important barrier to entry for older demographics.
Individuals with an annual income of at least $100,000 are 5 percent more likely to own or express an interest in buying cryptocurrency relative to those with income of less than $100,000. Importantly, individuals in the young group are significantly more likely to report “lack of funds” as a reason to not buy. This suggests that financial constraints may have hindered otherwise enthusiastic members of the younger demographic from participating in cryptocurrency markets.
Cryptocurrency Is Like…?
In a previous blog post, we discussed how currencies may function as a method of payment or a store of value. Given the uncertainty surrounding the fundamental value of cryptocurrencies, parallels have been made between the rise of cryptocurrencies and the dot-com boom or even the impulse to buy lottery tickets. To understand people’s views on cryptocurrency, we asked survey respondents what they perceived cryptocurrency to be most similar to, given the following options (multiple answers were allowed, with the exception of “none of the above”):
- Gold
- Traditional money, such as U.S. dollars
- A new technology
- Stocks or bonds
- A lottery ticket
- None of the above
The dominant view was that cryptocurrency is most similar to “a new technology,” with 47 percent of respondent choosing that option. About 24 percent likened cryptocurrency to stocks or bonds, and 17 percent likened it to traditional money. Only 8 percent viewed cryptocurrency as similar to gold.
Individuals who owned cryptocurrency or were interested in buying it were particularly likely to perceive cryptocurrency as being similar to gold (41 percent) and stocks or bonds (39 percent). This suggests that such individuals may think of cryptocurrencies as an investment vehicle. In addition, 37 percent of respondents within this group likened cryptocurrency to traditional money. If we think of traditional money as a means of payment, then this distribution of views is consistent with the idea that cryptocurrencies are currently perceived less as a payments mechanism than as an investment, even if they can play both roles.
By contrast, individuals who viewed cryptocurrency as being akin to a lottery ticket were 12 percent less likely to have owned or considered buying a cryptocurrency than those who viewed cryptocurrency as being similar to one of the other choices. The gap between the latter group and those who responded “none of the above” was 11 percent, as shown in the chart below.
Motives for Owning a Cryptocurrency
We asked survey participants to identify the most important reasons for buying cryptocurrencies, or choosing not to. The most-cited reason for buying was that cryptocurrencies are a “good investment.” Many buyers also pointed to the anonymity properties of cryptocurrency and their lack of trust in the existing financial system—factors that were mentioned almost the same number of times. Convenience was not viewed as a reason to buy, perhaps because the majority of cryptocurrencies struggle to be a stable means of payment owing to price volatility, and the fact that cryptocurrencies are not accepted broadly as a means of payment.
Among respondents who chose not to participate in the cryptocurrency market, the most-cited reason was that cryptocurrencies are a “bad investment”—the opposite of the prevailing view among buyers. This dichotomy could reflect the speculative nature of cryptocurrency markets and suggests that there are large disagreements between respondent groups about the investment value of cryptocurrencies.
“Lack of trust” ranked second as a reason not to buy cryptocurrencies, perhaps reflecting their lack of institutional backing. Again, the “buyer” and “nonbuyer” camps are clearly divided on this matter; the former lack trust in the financial system, while the latter lack trust in cryptocurrencies. Respondents cited a lack of need as the third most significant reason for not buying cryptocurrency, consistent with the fact that cryptocurrencies are little used as a means of payment.
The issue of trust, or mistrust, appears to be perceived quite differently by the young and old groups. Individuals over thirty-five were much more likely to express distrust of cryptocurrencies relative to the existing financial system.
The young group’s more sanguine view of cryptocurrencies could be related to the fact that financial crises appear to have long-lasting “experience effects” that take a greater toll on younger individuals than older ones, both psychologically and financially. In the wake of the Great Recession, younger cohorts may have less faith in the financial system and more openness to unconventional alternatives.
To Sum Up
The survey reveals that a very high fraction of respondents are aware of cryptocurrencies and that they hold a wide variety of views on the topic. This is perhaps related to the fact that cryptocurrencies are still a relatively new phenomenon. As with many new things, younger respondents seem to have a more positive view of cryptocurrencies than their older counterparts. As the technology matures and new applications for cryptocurrencies emerge, it will be interesting to find out how these views change.
Disclaimer
The views expressed in this post are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors.
Sean Hundtofte, formerly an economist in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Research and Statistics Group, is chief economist and head of credit risk at Better Mortgage.
Michael Junho Lee is an economist in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Research and Statistics Group.
Antoine Martin is a senior vice president in the Bank’s Research and Statistics Group.
Reed Orchinik, a former intern in the Bank’s Research and Statistics Group, is a student at Swarthmore College.
How to cite this blog post:
Sean Hundtofte, Michael Junho Lee, Antoine Martin, and Reed Orchinik, “Deciphering Americans’ Views on Cryptocurrencies,” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Liberty Street Economics (blog), March 25, 2019, https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2019/03/deciphering-americans-views-on-cryptocurrencies.html.
RSS Feed
Follow Liberty Street Economics
