The EGIs: Analyzing the Economy Through an Equitable Growth Lens

Rajashri Chakrabarti, Dan Garcia, and Maxim Pinkovskiy

Inflation remains elevated, labor markets are close to the strongest they have been, real consumption is up year-over year, but all of these observations are with respect to averages.  Behind these macroeconomic trends can be widely varying experiences across different demographic and socioeconomic groups that make up our society. To provide researchers, practitioners, and the public with timely, regularly updated and comprehensive answers to these questions, we launched the Equitable Growth Indicators (EGIs)—a new tool to help foster the evolving discussion about economic inequality and equitable growth. To illustrate the utility of the EGIs, we provide examples of some striking differences in trends captured in the May release of the EGIs on inflation, real earnings, and real spending. More heterogeneity analysis and data are available at nyfed.org/egi.

The EGIs Offer Insights That Other Metrics Cannot

Inflation: A centerpiece of the EGIs is to provide current measures of differential inflationary experiences. We advance current practice in economic research to account for how much people from different groups are exposed to price changes in their respective local areas (metro areas) based on the baskets of goods and services they consume. We assign consumption baskets to demographic groups separately by local areas and match each component of their consumption basket to prices prevailing in their local area. The constructed measures shown in the EGIs allow for a wider examination of inflation inequality across income and demographics than has been possible through customary sources or previous research.

For example, our differential inflation measure shows that, perhaps counterintuitively, middle-income consumers were hit hardest by inflation as it was picking up steam in 2021 through mid-2022. A natural question is why. Middle-income consumers (those in the 40^th through 80^th percentiles of household income) devote a larger share of their expenditures to used cars and motor fuel—perhaps because of the lower efficiency of the used cars—than do either high income (above 80^th percentile) or low income (below 40^th percentile) households. As the prices of these commodities soared, inflation for the middle class outstripped that of lower and higher income households. However, since mid-2022, as rising housing and food prices became more important factors for high inflation, the bottom 40 percent began bearing the brunt of inflation. The latest inflation data show that inflation for the bottom 40 percent was 0.2 percentage point above the national average, while inflation for the middle class and high-income households was 0.1 percentage point below the national average.

Low-Income Households Currently Face Markedly Higher Inflation than Middle- and High-Income Households 

Percent share of expenses, by income group

Percent

Overall inflation rates, by income group

Percent

Sources: BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey; BLS Consumer Price Indexes.
Note: Shaded region indicates the COVID-19 recession.

Earnings: Our differential inflation measures enable us to provide estimates of differences not just in nominal earnings, but in real earnings adjusted for the inflation that a given group experiences. This is another unique feature of the New York Fed EGIs—although nominal earnings differences can be obtained from publicly available Current Population Survey data, real earnings differences cannot. One might argue that the real earnings are more meaningful because they adjust for the purchasing power of households and better capture the differences in earnings across demographic and geographic groups.

This data in turn helps us understand the propagation of monetary policy throughout the economy. For example, while nominal earnings of both Black and Hispanic workers rose in the last two months, real weekly earnings of Black workers rose substantially in May but remained flat for Hispanic workers. Although both groups experienced increases in nominal earnings, Black workers experienced a steeper increase in nominal earnings and they experienced substantially lower inflation than did Hispanic, white, or AAPI workers.

Real Earnings for Black Workers Have Risen Substantially Since March  

Weekly earnings (real) in dollars, by race

Consumer Spending: Another distinctive feature of the EGIs is the release of the demographic and geographic spending data. This release is made possible by proprietary high-frequency spending data that we receive from Commerce Signals. These data help us track differences in demographic and geographic retail spending patterns as they evolve over time. Additionally, not only do we make available nominal spending data, but we can calculate and report real spending data for demographic and geographic groups using the EGI inflation data.

Our headline chart for this measure, below, shows that after the pandemic, real retail spending grew fastest among younger people and slowest among older people. However, in the first few months of 2023, spending declined for all age groups and strikingly for the young. Individuals aged 25-34 are now spending less (relative to their January 2020 level) than individuals aged 35-44, reversing the original pattern. Although the spending of the young has stabilized in recent months, the decline in spending by the young may have important implications for economic activity over the medium term. Understanding and visualizing this heterogeneity would not have been possible without the demographic real spending data made available through the EGIs.

Consumer Spending Rose in May, Reversing the Decline Earlier This Year

Real retail spending, percent change

Understanding the effects of monetary policy on various communities has always been an interest of central banking. In addition to the EGIs, the New York Fed has a few notable projects about various aspects of economic inequality:

• Bart Hobijn and David Lagakos wrote an early paper on inflation inequality back when they were at the New York Fed in 2003.
• The New York Fed Survey of Consumer Expectations and the Consumer Credit Panel are two data-intensive projects that have facilitated the measurement of heterogeneity, as well as the trend in consumers’ macroeconomic expectations and their financial health, respectively.
• Liberty Street Economics  has addressed inequality-related issues since its inception in 2013 and has made a concerted effort to address them systematically with the inauguration of the Economic Inequality Research Series in October 2019.

The New York Fed EGI release makes available under a single umbrella a rich collection of data and analysis, much of which has been developed by our economists and/or relies on proprietary administrative sources, and hence is not available elsewhere.

Identifying Differing Economic Realities Helps Inform Policymaking

Particular groups may be bellwethers of broader economic trends important for monetary policy. We thus need to understand how different segments are affected by policy changes and to identify different economic realities across demographic and geographic groups. Not only are these data highly relevant for policymakers, but they also contain important insights that will be valuable for the general public, practitioners, and researchers.

How to cite this post:
Rajashri Chakrabarti, Dan Garcia, and Maxim Pinkovskiy, “The EGIs: Analyzing the Economy Through an Equitable Growth Lens,” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Liberty Street Economics, July 6, 2023, https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2023/07/the-egis-analyzing-the-economy-through-an-equitable-growth-lens/.